A Multi-Layer Feedback System Approach toResilient Connectivity of Remotely Deployed Mobile Internet of Things ABSTRACT Enabling the Internet of things in remote environments without traditional communication infrastructure requires a multi-layer network architecture. Devices in the overlay network such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are required to provide coverage to underlay devices as well as remain connected to other overlay devices to exploit device-to-device (D2D) communication. The coordination, planning, and design of such overlay networks constrained by the underlay devices is a challenging problem. Existing frameworks for placement of UAVs do not consider the lack of backhaul connectivity and the need for D2D communication. Furthermore, they ignore the dynamical aspects of connectivity in such networks which presents additional challenges. For instance, the connectivity of devices can be affected by changes in the network, e.g., the mobility of underlay devices or unavailability of overlay devices due to failure or adversarial attacks. To this end, this work proposes a feedback based adaptive, self-configurable, and resilient framework for the overlay network that cognitively adapts to the changes in the network to provide reliable connectivity between spatially dispersed smart devices. Results show that the proposed framework requires significantly lower number of aerial base stations to provide higher coverage and connectivity to remotely deployed mobile devices as compared to existing approaches. EXISTING SYSTEM : Connectivity between smart devices is vital in enabling the emerging paradigm of the Internet of things (IoT) . The fundamental goal of the IoT is to inter-connect smart objects so that they can exchange data and leverage the capabilities of each other to achieve individual and/or network objectives such as high situational awareness, efficiency, accuracy and revenue, etc. This connectivity relies on wireless communication networks which have their limitations based on the communication technologies involved. Existing IoT devices are connected to an access point using wireless personal area network (WPAN) technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc. The access points are in-turn connected to the wired or wireless backhaul networks using wide area network (WAN) technologies . The backhaul network enables connectivity and accessibility between things that are geographically separated. However, they may not always be available such as in remote areas , disaster struck areas, and battlefields. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile ground stations are the most viable candidates for providing connectivity in such situations. For instance, during the hurricane Harvey, nearly 95% of the cellular sites in Rockport, Texas went out of service resulting in nearly a complete communication blackout in the region . In such emergency scenarios, where the traditional communication infrastructure is completely devastated, UAVs can prove to be a promising solution to help create a temporary network and resume connectivity in a short span of time. Therefore, there is a growing interest towards the use of drones and UAVs as mobile aerial base stations (BSs) to assist existing cellular LTE networks , public safety networks , and intelligent transportation systems . While this is promising in urban areas where there is high availability of cellular networks which can be used to connect the UAVs to the backhaul, it might not be possible in rural and/or remote regions. Existing frameworks for placement of UAVs do not consider the lack of backhaul connectivity and the need for D2D communication. Furthermore, they ignore the dynamical aspects of connectivity in such networks which presents additional challenges. For instance, the connectivity of devices can be affected by changes in the network, e.g., the mobility of underlay devices or unavailability of overlay devices due to failure or adversarial attacks. PROPOSED SYSTEM : The problem in such settings is to efficiently deploy the overlay network that provides coverage to all the MSDs as well as maintaining connectivity between the MAPs. Since the MSDs can be located in spatial clusters that are arbitrarily separated, the MAPs should be deployed in a way that they remain connected, i.e., each MAP is reachable from other MAPs using D2D communications. This requirement makes it a challenging network planning and design problem.It provides a macroscopic view of one such scenario where the MAPs are appropriately deployed enabling a local inter-network of MSDs without any traditional communication infrastructure. It can be easily connected to the Internet to achieve pervasive connectivity and control over the MSDs. Note that with aerial MAPs, there is an added flexibility to position the BSs arbitrarily in space which might not be possible with other traditional types of access points. They ignore the dynamical aspects of connectivity in such networks which presents additional challenges. For instance, the connectivity of devices can be affected by changes in the network, e.g., the ,mobility of underlay devices or unavailability of overlay devices due to failure or adversarial attacks. To this end, this work proposes a feedback based adaptive, self-configurable, and resilient framework for the overlay network that cognitively adapts to the changes in the network to provide reliable connectivity between spatially dispersed smart devices. CONCLUSION: we present a cognitive connectivity framework that is able to reconfigure itself automatically in a distributed manner to interconnect spatially dispersed smart devices thus enabling the Internet of things in remote environments. Resilience of connectivity has been investigated in response to the mobility of the underlay network as well as random device failures in the overlay network. It is shown that if sufficient number of overlay devices are available, then the developed distributed framework leads to high network connectivity which is resilient to mobility and device failures. However, if sufficient overlay devices are not deployed, the framework tends to provide connectivity locally to the devices in each cluster of the underlay network. A comparison of the proposed approach with existing approaches for placement of BSs reveals significant superiority in terms of the number of BSs required to achieve coverage and the overall connectivity of the devices. We believe that this work provides a useful platform for the development of more sophisticated and efficient algorithms to achieve a variety of objectives in aerial communications using UAVs. Future directions in this work can investigate on ways to make the framework completely distributed. The local observations of MAPs can be used to form a consensus about the locations of the MSDs. Another possible direction to this line of research is to allow MAPs to operate in multiple modes to enable connectivity between a diverse pattern of locations of the MSDs.

by | Oct 17, 2018 | ieee project

A Multi-Layer Feedback System Approach toResilient Connectivity of Remotely Deployed Mobile Internet of Things   ABSTRACT Enabling the Internet of things in remote environments without traditional communication infrastructure requires a multi-layer network...

An ultra low power personalizable wrist worn ECG monitor integrated with IoT infrastructure ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the UK, motivating the use of long term wearable devices to monitor the heart in out-of-the-clinic settings. While a wide number of heart rate measuring wearable devices are now available, they are principally based upon the photo plethysmo graphy (PPG) rather than the electrocardiogram (ECG) and are stand-alone devices rather than integrated with Internet-of- Things infrastructures which collect and combine information from a wide range of sensors. This paper presents a wrist worn ECG sensor which integrates with the SPHERE IoT platform the UK’s demonstrator platform for health monitoring in the home environment, combining a range of on-person and ambient sensors. The ECG device integrates ultra low power consumption electronics with personalizable 3D printed casings which maintain gold standard Ag/Ag Cl electrodes to provide measurements of the raw ECG waveform, heart rate, and mean NN and SDNN heart rate variability parameters. The end device allows for more than a month of battery life for a weight of <50 g including the watch straps. The design and heart sensing performance of the device are presented in detail, together with the integration with the SPHERE IoT platform. EXISTING SYSTEM : Fitness trackers are devices or applications for monitoring and tracking fitness-related metrics such as distance walked or run, calorie consumption, quality of sleep and heart rate. Since accurate heart rate monitoring is essential in fitness training, the objective of this study was to assess the accuracy and precision of the Fitbit Charge 2 for measuring heart rate with respect to a gold standard electrocardiograph. Fifteen healthy participants were asked to ride a stationary bike for 10 minutes and their heart rate was simultaneously recorded from each device. Results showed that the Fitbit Charge 2 underestimates the heart rate. Although the mean bias in measuring heart rate was a modest -5.9 bpm (95% CI: -6.1 to -5.6 bpm), the limits of agreement, which indicate the precision of individual measurements, between the Fitbit Charge 2 and criterion measure were wide (+16.8 to -28.5 bpm) indicating that an individual heart rate measure could plausibly be underestimated by almost 30 bpm. PROPOSED SYSTEM : This paper presents a wrist worn wearable for overcoming the above four challenges. We use a 3D printed case with painted Silver/Silver-Chloride (Ag/Ag Cl) electrodes which allows for custom shapes and sizes of electrodes which can be made individually for each user if desired (in addition to a fixed size/shape across all people if this is preferred). This is used to provide ECG monitoring of the heart by asking users to touch the face of the wearable with a finger. A second electrode is present on the back face touching the wrist, allowing the wearable to have contact points on either side of the heart for a large amplitude ECG trace to be recorded. We present a high input impedance, high Common-Mode Rejection Ration(CMRR) front-end circuit which is compatible with gel-free electrodes while consuming less than 10 _W of power and using only off-the-shelf electronic devices. The resulting data is used to find the user’s heart rate and other information on the health of the heart, particularly relating to heart rate variability. Our optimized ECG circuitry offers over a month of battery lifetime and is connected to the SPHERE (a Sensor Platform for Health care in a Residential Environment) IoT infrastructure . SPHERE is an established IoT smart-home health care system demonstrator in the UK, and this integration allows for inter-interoperability and platform building based upon the wearable data. CONCLUSION : This paper has proposed a new wrist worn wearable for heart monitoring, that is capable of monitoring the user’s heart rate via the ECG, with some measures of heart rate variability extracted and morphological components of the ECG waveform observable. The device has been optimized for low power consumption, trading-off with noise performance. The results allow over a month of battery life assuming moderate usage which is a step change for a wearable of this size and weight (50 g including the strap). It includes 3D printed elements to allow personalization if desired, and to ensure the best body contact is made in all cases. Further, the device is designed to seamlessly integrate with the SPHERE IoT system, adding wrist ECG as a new sensing modality to this platform which already captures activity, location, water usage and other modalities from IoT sensors.

by | Oct 17, 2018 | ieee project

An ultra low power personalizable wrist worn ECG monitor integrated with IoT infrastructure ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the UK, motivating the use of long term wearable devices to monitor the heart in out-of-the-clinic settings....